Calculating Torque With Examples

Calculating Torque With Examples When studying how objects rotate, it quickly becomes necessary to figure out how a given force results in a change in the rotational motion. The tendency of a force to cause or change rotational motion is called torque, and its one of the most important concepts to understand in resolving rotational motion situations. The Meaning of Torque Torque (also called moment - mostly by engineers) is calculated by multiplying force and distance. The SI units of torque are newton-meters, or N*m (even though these units are the same as Joules, torque isnt work or energy, so should just be newton-meters). In calculations, torque is represented by the Greek letter tau: Ï„. Torque is a vector quantity, meaning it has both a direction and a magnitude. This is honestly one of the trickiest parts of working with torque because it is calculated using a vector product, which means you have to apply the right-hand rule. In this case, take your right hand and curl the fingers of your hand in the direction of rotation caused by the force. The thumb of your right hand now points in the direction of the torque vector. (This can occasionally feel slightly silly, as youre holding your hand up and pantomiming in order to figure out the result of a mathematical equation, but its the best way to visualize the direction of the vector.) The vector formula that yields the torque vector Ï„ is: Ï„ r Ãâ€" F The vector r is the position vector with respect to an origin on the axis of rotation (This axis is the Ï„ on the graphic). This is a vector with a magnitude of the distance from where the force is applied to the axis of rotation. It points from the axis of rotation toward the point where the force is applied. The magnitude of the vector is calculated based upon ÃŽ ¸, which is the angle difference between r and F, using the formula: Ï„ rFsin(ÃŽ ¸) Special Cases of Torque A couple of key points about the above equation, with some benchmark values of ÃŽ ¸: ÃŽ ¸ 0 ° (or 0 radians) - The force vector is pointing out in the same direction as r. As you might guess, this is a situation where the force will not cause any rotation around the axis ... and the mathematics bears this out. Since sin(0) 0, this situation results in Ï„ 0.ÃŽ ¸ 180 ° (or Ï€ radians) - This is a situation where the force vector points directly into r. Again, shoving toward the axis of rotation isnt going to cause any rotation either and, once again, the mathematics supports this intuition. Since sin(180 °) 0, the value of the torque is once again Ï„ 0.ÃŽ ¸ 90 ° (or Ï€/2 radians) - Here, the force vector is perpendicular to the position vector. This seems like the most effective way that you could push on the object to get an increase in rotation, but does the mathematics support this? Well, sin(90 °) 1, which is the maximum value that the sine function can reach, yielding a result of Ï„ rF. In other words, a force applied at any other angle would provide less torque than when it is applied at 90 degrees. The same argument as above applies to cases of ÃŽ ¸ -90 ° (or -Ï€/2 radians), but with a value of sin(-90 °) -1 resulting in the maximum torque in the opposite direction. Torque Example Lets consider an example where youre applying a vertical force downward, such as when trying to loosen the lug nuts on a flat tire by stepping on the lug wrench. In this situation, the ideal situation is to have the lug wrench perfectly horizontal, so that you can step on the end of it and get the maximum torque. Unfortunately, that doesnt work. Instead, the lug wrench fits onto the lug nuts so that it is at a 15% incline to the horizontal. The lug wrench is 0.60 m long until the end, where you apply your full weight of 900 N. What is the magnitude of the torque? What about direction?: Applying the lefty-loosey, righty-tighty rule, you will want to have the lug nut rotating to the left - counter-clockwise - in order to loosen it. Using your right hand and curling your fingers in the counter-clockwise direction, the thumb sticks out. So the direction of the torque is away from the tires ... which is also direction you want the lug nuts to ultimately go. To begin calculating the value of the torque, you have to realize that theres a slightly misleading point in the above set-up. (This is a common problem in these situations.) Note that the 15% mentioned above is the incline from the horizontal, but thats not the angle ÃŽ ¸. The angle between r and F has to be calculated. Theres a 15 ° incline from the horizontal plus a 90 ° distance from the horizontal to the downward force vector, resulting in a total of 105 ° as the value of ÃŽ ¸. Thats the only variable that requires set-up, so with that in place we just assign the other variable values: ÃŽ ¸ 105 °r 0.60 mF 900 N Ï„ rF sin(ÃŽ ¸) (0.60 m)(900 N)sin(105 °) 540 Ãâ€" 0.097 Nm 520 Nm Note that the above answer involved maintaining only two significant figures, so it is rounded. Torque and Angular Acceleration The above equations are particularly helpful when there is a single known force acting on an object, but there are many situations where a rotation can be caused by a force that cannot easily be measured (or perhaps many such forces). Here, the torque often isnt calculated directly, but can instead be calculated in reference to the total angular acceleration, ÃŽ ±, that the object undergoes. This relationship is given by the following equation: ÃŽ £Ãâ€ž - The net sum of all torque acting on the objectI - the moment of inertia, which represents the objects resistance to a change in angular velocityÃŽ ± - angular acceleration

What Are AP Exams and Tests

What Are AP Exams and Tests SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips AP Tests may seem like intimidating obstacles, but if you’ve done well in the corresponding AP classes, you shouldn’t have too much trouble earning a high score. Good AP Test scores can help you in the college admissions process and may evenearn you college credits. In this article, I’ll give you an overview of what AP exams are, why they matter, and how scoring works across a variety of different tests and subject areas. What Are AP Tests? What’s the Point of Taking Them? AP Tests take place at the end of AP classes, and they’re used as a means of assessing how much you learned in the class and whether your experience merits college credit. You can also prepare for AP Tests independently outside of the course if you don't feel totally comfortable with the material after going over it in class. Essentially, AP Tests are a standardized way of validating your course record.They’re a measure used to control for poorly taught AP classes where students earn As but don’t actually know the material. Although AP curriculum is supposed to be consistent at every school, teachers have a lot of freedom in how they teach the subject and grade the class.AP Tests help to ensure that students have actually learned and absorbed the information and deserve the appropriate credit. You can earn college creditsfor high AP Test scores at most schools, and your scores may also help you to place out of introductory classes.Doing well on AP tests can mean finishing college early or avoiding college classes in subjects that are repetitive for you.In the next section, I’ll get into more specifics about the grading scale for AP tests and how some of the most popular tests are structured. Ugh, I wish I could skip Coloring 101. I already know all of this stuff, and I haven't even thought about eating any of the crayons. What Does the Grading Scale and Format Look Like on Different AP Exams? There are some consistencies in scoring and format throughout all AP exams, but there are also big differences in the times and score percentages devoted to certain types of questions across different tests.I’ll give you some overall information about the grading scale and then provide details about the specific formats of tests in various subject areas. Overall Facts AP exams are scored on a scale from 1 to 5, 5 being the highest score and 1 being the lowest.This is how the College Board defines each score: 5 = extremely well qualified 4 = well qualified3 = qualified2 = possibly qualified1 = no recommendation â€Å"Qualified† indicates that you’re capable of doing the equivalent of the work required for a college-level introductory course in the AP subject.Most colleges will give credit for students scoring a 4s or 5s on AP tests, and some will even give credit for 3s. This can vary depending on the test. On an AP test that's considered more difficult, you might get credit for a 3. On a less challenging test, you might need to score a 5 to earn college credit. Every AP exam has a multiple choice section, which is scored by computer, and a free response or essay section, which is scored by college professors and AP teachers.On multiple choice, there are no point deductions for incorrect answers. (This is a recent policy change in line with the new SAT, which has also done away with point deductions.) Scores on the two sections of AP Tests are combined to form your composite score on a scale of 1 to 5. One thing you should keep in mind about AP test scores is that you don’t need to get everything right on the test to get a 5 or a â€Å"perfect† score.It’s not like the SAT, where messing up on one question can crush your dreams of an 800.Scaling is different for each exam, but in general even if you only get 70% of the questions correct, you can still end up with a 5.Read more details about how AP tests are scored here. Next, I’ll give you an idea of the specific structures of AP exams in different subjects so that you’ll know what to expect. Your pencil will be thrilled to spend more time with you on the free response sections of AP Tests. It doesn't know that its feelings may not be reciprocated. Science and Math APs AP Biology The AP Biology exam is three hours long in total.It is also divided into two sections, the first of which consists of a multiple choice portion and a very short grid-in portion.You will have to answer 63 multiple choice questions and six grid-in questions in 90 minutes.The grid-in questions are essentially short answer math and science problems; you will need to calculate the answers and enter them into a grid on your answer sheet. The second section of the test is also 90 minutes long and consists of eight open response questions (six short response and two long response).Each section on the AP Biology exam is worth 50% of your score. AP Chemistry The AP Chemistry exam is three hours and 15 minutes long.The multiple choice section has 60 questions and is 90 minutes long.The free response section has seven questions, four short response and three long response, and it is an hour and 45 minutes long. Like on AP Biology, each section is worth 50% of your score. AP Calculus BC The AP Calculus BC exam is three hours and 15 minutes long. The multiple choice section consists of 45 questions divided into calculator and no calculator sections that last an hour and 45 minutes total. The free response section consists of six questions lasting an hour and 30 minutes, also divided into calculator and no calculator sections. Your calculator won't be there to support you on every section of the AP Calculus exam. But don't worry, it always has you in its thoughts. Social Studies APs AP Psychology The AP Psychology exam is a bit shorter than most of the other AP Tests, clocking in at just two hours total.The multiple choice section consists of 100 questions answered over the course of 70 minutes. This section makes up two thirds of your score.The free response section consists of two questions to be answered in 50 minutes. This section makes up the remaining third of your score. AP US History The AP US History exam is 3 hours and 15 minutes long in total.It is divided into two sections, the first of which consists of a multiple choice portion and a short answer portion.The multiple choice portion contains 55 questions and is 55 minutes long. This is worth 40% of your total score.The short answer portion contains four questions and is 50 minutes long. This is worth 20% of your total score. The second section of the test consists of two longer open response questions.First is the document-based question (so called because your answer will require you to consult a certain primary source document) for which you are given 55 minutes. This is worth 25% of your total score.You will also have to answer one of two long essay questions for which you are given 35 minutes. This question is worth 15% of your total score. The AP US History exam will take you on a wild ride through the meandering underground streets of this country's past. If you're a thrill seeker, oh boy, look forward to this one! Language and Literature APs AP English Literature and Composition The AP English test is three hours long. The multiple choice section has 55 questions and lasts an hour. The free response section has three questions and lasts for two hours. The multiple choice section of the test is worth 45% of your score, and the free response section is worth 55% of your score. AP Spanish Language and Culture This exam is three hours long. The multiple choice section consists of two parts and is 95 minutes long. You'll answer questions about Spanish texts on the first part and audio recordings on the second part. The free response consists of four parts and is 85 minutes long. You will be asked to write an email reply and a persuasive essay. You will also have to respond to conversational prompts in Spanish and do a mini-presentation on a cultural topic in Spanish. The multiple choice and free response sections are each worth 50% of your score. That's right, for language AP tests you'll have to actually speak the language. I was shocked as well. Art APs AP Music Theory The AP Music Theory test is two hours and 40 minutes long. The multiple choice section consists of 75 questions divided into two sections, one of which relies on auditory cues and one that is non-auditory. The whole section is 80 minutes long and makes up 45% of your score. The free response section consists of seven written exercises (70 minutes total) and two sight-singing exercises (10 minutes total). These two sections make up the other 55% of your score. AP Art History This exam is three hours long in total. The multiple choice section is an hour long and has 80 questions. The free response section takes up the remaining two hours. It has two 30-minute essay questions and four 15-minute essay questions. The multiple choice and free response sections each make up 50% of your score. I don't understand how people made incredibly complex sculptures like this, but if you take AP Art History, you might find out. Conclusion So what are AP exams, overall? AP examsassess your knowledge of AP course material and determine whether you are qualified to test out of similar introductory courses in college.A high score on an AP Test indicates that you are capable of working at the college level in the subject.The highest score you can earn on an AP Test is a 5, and the lowest is a 1; most schools will accept 4s and 5s (sometimes even 3s) as scores worthy of college credit.All AP Tests have both multiple choice and free response sections, but they are structured differently and may be different lengths depending on the subject. Keep in mind that AP Tests and classes may or may not be good choices for you based on your academic track record in high school and goals for college. You can read more about which AP classes (if any) you should take in this article.Your ideal AP courses and exams will vary depending on the type of student you are. You shouldn't force yourself to take classes that will drag down your GPA or that don't interest you just for the sake of earning more AP credit. If you know you'll be taking some AP courses, try to familiarize yourself with the format and timing of the corresponding tests before the end of the school year.Taking practice tests and doing sample questions will help you get accustomed to the way the tests work and enable you to earn college credit! What's Next? You may be wondering when the AP Tests are offered so that you can plan ahead. Here's a list of AP Test dates for 2016. Which AP Tests are more difficult? That can depend on your strengths as a student, but there are certain tests that are notorious for being especially cahllengin. Read more about the hardest AP Tests here. Does your school offer AP and IB? Are you curious about the differences between the two? Take a look at this article to learn whether AP or IB will be a better fit for your needs. Want to improve your SAT score by 240 points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

The Doctrine of Precedent Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Doctrine of Precedent - Essay Example The purpose of this paper is to discuss the Doctrine of Precedent which is considered as both a blessing and a curse. Legal systems within the United Kingdom were established for the most part on judge-made law, the laws developed through decisions by judges on cases brought before them. This is commonly called "common law" or case-law. Every jurisdiction developed its own forms of common law, with special note that Scotland being especially distinct from the rest. Correspondingly, in accordance to the call and tests of times, new laws as well as law reform have increasingly been brought about through Acts of Parliament. These laws are usually inspired by the policies and advocacies of the Government. As such, the progress and enhancement of case-law nevertheless remains an important source of law. The statement of law made by a judge in a case before his or her court, subsequently turn out to be binding on later judges and can in this way develop into the law for everyone to follow. It has been said that the depth and force of English law is that it is developed upon the specific example of case law rather than hypothetical models. In line with this, the lawyers will device a sufficient and effective case management system to be able to argue his or her client's case rationally and logically. The following are good examples to consider in the effective case management to wit: What legal principles are involved Or what is the cause of action Following this, it is advisable to consider as to what is the relevant law regarding the principles in the instant case. There after, sufficient pieces of evidence must be considered to prove or defend the case. And finally, which court has authority to hear and decide the case. At this point, it is important to state that the Doctrine of Precedents usually refer to the cases examined and considered by the Court of Appeal or the House of Lords. A statement of law made by a judge in a case can become binding on later judges and can in this way become the law for everyone to follow. The pronouncement must be made by a court of sufficient seniority. In general, judges at the lowest echelon of decision making, the courts of first instance, are not allowed to issue binding precedents. These judges may not be hearing full legal arguments but are concentrating on factual findings. Accordingly, it is the higher courts which issue binding rulings and the lower courts must follow them. Similarly, the pronouncement must have formed the ratio decidendi of the case. The reasoning must be a matter pertaining to the law rather than the factual decision. In addition, the pronouncement must not be obiter dictum. An obiter dictum refers to something said either about the law or the facts of the case which are not strictly necessary for the legal basis for the decisions. It is only the ratio decidendi which will be binding. It will comprise the legal principles and rules which are necessary to solve the problem before the court. Obiter dicta are not binding, however, they may be dealt with as a persuasive authority, wherein the later judges are entitled to read them and be influenced by them, but they are not obliged to follow these parts of judicial pronouncements. It is important to stress out that the Doctrine of Precedents are not concerned as to who won or lost in the case. The Doctrine speaks of the legal princip

Management of Change and Organisational Development Essay

Management of Change and Organisational Development - Essay Example In our discussions, we realized that change means a variation or the altering of the established way of life or how we live and which people in an organization or an entity are accustomed to normally. We also concluded that the change that we required for organizational development could be affected by the internal or external environment in which we functioned and the change occurring in that environment. Change is usually premeditated, natural or imposed upon the persons it is likely to affect. Every person in a particular group is often required to participate in change by waiting till the change occurs naturally or may take necessary steps that are preventive that can strengthen the group. Change may be external whereby it affects the development of a group and may include educational or cultural forces, social and economic forces while internal forces may include composition and policy of those involved, changes in the personnel, attitudes and feelings of those involved and the work involved amongst other factors. McLean 2006 (p25) argues that change theorists such as Lewin argue that if you want to understand properly a system, it is important that the person first seek to change it in one way or the other. Therefore, a person must be part of the system that he is seeking to change in order to attain the best results. In the research by Lewin about management change and organizational development, he has found that every action research initiative is distinct from the other and that in finding the solution to each, each player must be taken to be unique and understanding the culture of the system. Due to changes in organizations either through different phenomena such as technology and globalization, there has been a necessity for change management plans and strategies for their implementation. Therefore, as a group we were forced to effect change management and organizational development in order to keep in line with the need for improvements in the grou p environment and to remain aligned to the external influences of the organization. Organizational Development in the Group Organizational development is an effort aimed at improving the ability of a group or an entity to solve problems and renew itself through an effective management of the culture of the organization while emphasizing the culture of formal work force from the whole team as involved (McKinney and Howard 1998, p.167). It is always in a planned manner, identifies the problems in the group or organization, and develops strategies for solving the problems and improving on them, and seeks to change the system of particular entities as a whole for example the development of teams and strategy for management. In order to achieve organizational development, there must be a strong desire in change from both the change initiator or the change agent and the person whom the change focuses on, which we tried our best to foster in the group by employing different strategies. Due to the changing face or dynamism of the environment in which an entity exists there are efforts made as a response known as organizational development. The factors that caused the need for organizational development in our group included rapid and unexpected changes and the sustained growth of organizations. The other changes that necessitated the need for organizational development are increased diversity and change in managerial behaviour

Don Quixote Essay Example for Free

Don Quixote Essay He was a retired nation scholar: Alonso Quijano, obsessed with books and knowledge, dried up his brain and lose his wit; chose to be a knight-errant, journeyed the world with horse. He wore himself in armour though rusty it was and a cardboard helmet; rode in his horse, searched his adventures, called himself: Don Quixote de la Mancha. Alas! Metamorphosis revealed. Married a farm girl whom he renamed: Dulcinea del Toboso. Beat up by servants of traveling merchants, who refused to recognize Dulcinea’s immense splendor; rescued by a neighbor and carried him home. Expedition came another expedition. Suffered in his long quests. Don Quixote whose real name was Alonso Quijano returned home humiliated, locked in an ox-cart that served as his cage. The Odyssey An epic poem created by Homer, said to be a ‘sequel’ of Iliad. It was Odysseia in Greek, as what Herodotus has called it. Odyssey, derived from the Greek’s, indicated an important and arduous journey. Kept as a prisoner in Calypso, Oh! Odyssey, until the gods held a meeting and set him free. He built a raft and voyaged over stormy seas. Entered the palace of King Alcinous, took part with the games that were held, sang the Trojan War; the King queried who he was: â€Å"I am Odysseus. † He then narrated his quests: the Island of the Winds, the kingdom of the dead; of psyches of ancient heroes and women, passed over the magnificent song at the isle of Siren. Fortunate he was, he survived from Zeus’ thunderbolt which struck the ship; carried he was at the shore of Phaeacia, he then met Athena in Ithaka. Fight has transpired; Yet peace and victory awaited. Flourished. Oedipus He has been made King of Thebes due to his heroic act of liberating the people from the plague and pestilence of Sphinx. Epidemic from another epidemic, people have always asked him to rescue them. Oedipus has always foreseen the needs. Hero he may seem, he has been accused as the murderer of Laius, the former King. Infuriated by allegation, announced it as a plot. A conspiracy for Creon to gain his throne. A battle soon to happen, yet Jocasta arrived in time to stop the fight. She guaranteed that prophets, who declared the accusation, were not reliable. As evidence, she cited the old prophecy that her son needed to murder his father, and have children by his mother.

Chernobyl, Ukraine - Nuclear Power Plant Meltdown :: essays research papers

Chernobyl, Ukraine Nuclear Power Plant Meltdown   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The accident at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant in Ukrainian produced a plume of radioactive debris that drifted over parts of the western USSR, Eastern Europe, and Scandinavia. The accident, which occurred on April 26, 1986, was the worst nuclear power accident in history. Large areas of the Ukrainian, Belorussian, and Russian republics of the USSR were contaminated, resulting in the evacuation of roughly 200,000 people. The accident raised concerns about the safety of the Soviet nuclear power industry, slowing its expansion for a number of years, while forcing the Soviet government to become less secretive.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Chernobyl’ Nuclear Power Plant was one of the largest in the USSR. It was located just outside of the town of Pripyat’, about 18 km northwest of the town of Chernobyl’. The plant was only 16 km from the border between the Ukrainian and Belorussian republics and roughly 110 km north of Kiev, the capital and largest city of Ukraine. Construction of the plant began in the 1970s, with reactor No. 1 commissioned in 1977, followed by No. 2 (1978), No. 3 (1981), and No. 4 (1983). Each reactor had an electricity-generating capacity of 1,000 megawatts, and the four together produced about 10 percent of Ukraine's electricity at the time of the accident. Two more reactors (No. 5 and No. 6, also capable of producing 1,000 megawatts each) were under construction at the time of the accident. On the morning of April 26, 1986, reactor No. 4 was operating at very low capacity (6 to 7 percent) during a planned shutdown. Plant personnel intended to monitor t he performance of turbine generators, which supplied electric power for the plant’s own operation, during a changeover from standard to a backup source of power. The reactor’s design made it unstable at low power, and the operators were careless about safety precautions during the test. After a sudden power surge, two explosions destroyed the reactor core and blasted a large hole in the roof of the reactor building. Radioactive debris moved up through this hole to heights of 1 km.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  An estimated 100 to 150 million curies of radiation (primarily radioactive isotopes of iodine and cesium) escaped into the atmosphere before cleanup crews were able to bring the fires under control and stabilize the situation two weeks later. Prevailing winds carried the radioactivity northwest from the plant across Belorussia and into Poland and Sweden, where heightened radiation levels detected on April 28 first brought the accident to the world's attention.

Human learning and survival Essay

There is a common belief that the ability to learn is what makes human survival possible. I believe that survival is not based solely on learning. Human survival especially in times of vast environmental change is the result of a combination of learning, logic, reasoning and subsequent application of knowledge. The thing that sets humankind apart from other living things is intellect, which according to the dictionary is the ability to learn and reason. Learning is simply the ability of animals (humans included) to acquire and retain new information. Whenever we try to learn a new dance step, learn a new language or simply remember the names of people we meet, we in fact use our learning faculties. So do animals when they figure out that scrounging around in garbage cans can reward them with food. Darwinian theory proposes the idea of evolution wherein living things adjust biologically, mentally and physiologically to environmental conditions and demands. When the concept of â€Å"survival of the fittest† and natural selection is discussed, it pertains to animals that are not just physically fit but mentally as well (Arrizza). In fact most biologists and anthropologists support this thinking by citing the example of how humans have always depended on their wits in order to survive. More often than not, it is the more dull-witted ones who perish even before they have given birth to offspring, which probably is a good thing for succeeding generations (Thorndike, 1931, p. 184). It was stunningly simple. Nature does what animal breeders do, but gradually, and over longer periods of time. In a species, those individuals who are best adapted in their hereditary endowment will succeed, and survive, better than their fellows. That is the â€Å"struggle for existence. † Those successful individuals will leave more offspring, and this will move the mode, the central tendency of the species, in their direction. Following generations will continue to undergo selection for still better adaptation: running, swimming, seeing, hiding, chewing, or all together. (Howells, 1993, p. 6) Supposing this theory was correct however, it would imply that the â€Å"weak† or learning challenged humans would have been weeded out a long time ago. The thing is that in today’s times, learning challenged humans still exist and even thrive. There are some quarters that may opine that intelligence and the development of skill are products of mental evolution. Evolution refers to progress to something more functional, advanced and suited to the current environment (â€Å"Human Evolution†). The fashioning and use of primitive tools are just a few hallmarks of how human intelligence has evolved and applied â€Å"learning† into something that helped their survival. For all practical purposes, learning is often seen as an attempt to create a memory or store information that lasts as it is invariably linked with memory. Dr. Eric R. Kandle, vice chairman of the Dana Alliance for Brain Initiatives sums it as: â€Å"Learning is how you acquire new information about the world, and memory is how you store that information over time† (â€Å"What is learning†) Simply put, it is just the accumulation of facts and information. At this point it is important to point out the difference between learning and memory. Kandle points out that not all learning can get stored into long term memory. Such is the case of things a person learned in school. Unless these lessons are used in day to day life, many will have trouble remembering them some years after. Kandle adds that â€Å"There is no memory without learning, but there is learning without memory. † (â€Å"What is learning†) True learning cannot exist without memory but Thorndike (1911) scorns the idea that human learning is the same as real human intellect. He states that learning alone does not include the more complex processes of reasoning or inference. No real thought is given to the relationship and causality of things, neither is there an appreciation of the progress the application of learning is causing. He further posits that learning is based solely on factors that are present in the environment. It is human intellect that makes it possible for humans to think and develop further learning â€Å"outside the box’ or beyond what are present in his environment. Rychlak (1994) supports this contention with his own theory of â€Å"Logic Learning. † Rychlak believes that learning is an inherent quality in both humans and animals alike. Humans however possess the power and capability of logic that enables them to make sense and assign purpose and function to information that is learned. (p. 35) Learning is not limited to humans. Every living organism has the capability to â€Å"learn. † It has been proven that animals including dogs, cats and even bees have information and skill acquiring capabilities. While most animal characteristics are arguably innate or instinctive like a newborn baby or puppy’s nipple searching and sucking reflex, many later skills are learned. What sets people apart is rather not limited to the capacity to learn and store information but rather in the processing of this information afterwards and figuring out what to do with it. Animal learning is mostly based on impulses and instinct. There are three different ways by which organisms learn: â€Å"by trial and error, by observation and imitation, and by instruction. † (Campbell, 1998, p. 39) Trial and error is by far the most common method of learning among living organisms. An example of this is when a mouse tries to figure its way out of a puzzle by trying out first one path, then another until it hits upon the correct path to follow. Observation and imitation is illustrated by how the young of animals and humans alike acquire learning by watching and imitating the actions of their parents. This is most commonly the basis of the development of behavioral patterns and actions. Finally, and what is arguably the method unique to humans is the method of instruction through language. Why is it unique? Instruction needs conscious thought and full intention of teaching. What is more is that instruction is a big factor in the propagation of a culture yet the topics and methods of instruction are also largely dependent on culture (p. 40). Language is also another important and distinctive part of both human culture, instruction and in effect, human learning (Alland, 1973, p. 209). Using language in instruction speeds up the learning process thereby allowing for more potential information to be learned and assimilated. Instructions and responses are direct and accurate. In the same way, a shared language serves both as a unifying element of culture and â€Å"shared experience† between individuals. Learning and Adaptation Enough mention has been made of adaptation with regard to human survival†¦what is adaptation? Adaptation is lexically defined as an adjustment to conditions present within an environment or a reaction to a persistent and present stimulus. It allows an organism to â€Å"adapt† or change components or behaviors within itself to match the demands of its environment. Survival is an organism’s ability to exist and propagate in relation to its surroundings and environments. Is learning the key to adaptation and in effect human survival? No. But it is one of the fundamental and major contributors to it. Like most living organisms, humans have physical limitations that are challenged by natural elements and processes such as climate, hunger and other environmental conditions. Unlike other animals however, humans are relatively less sensitive and attuned to environmental changes (Piantadosi, 2003, p. 1). It is at this point that the human ability to learn, reason and compare their living conditions and determine problems that may exist and threaten their survival. Like people in modern days, primitive men had their environment with its own accompanying problems. If modern people today are challenged by more high tech issues like traffic, work, and finances, our primitive ancestors had to figure out ways of keeping warm in the winter and putting food on the table (or rock). There were challenges in how to hunt and capture prey effectively as well as make sure that they do not become prey to carnivorous predators of their time. From plain materials and tools fashioned with flint and animal bone, primitive humans graduated to working with copper which was more malleable yet as tough as stone, and then to the much stronger bronze which was formed by melting copper with tin and finally, iron (Hartman, 1996). Supporters of learning as the keystone of survival wold point this out as a way by which learning improved human existence. But basing on definitions alone, learning meant that they simply realized that stone is not so easy to work with, copper is malleable but pretty weak, and bronze and iron are harder metals. It is logic and reasoning that made it possible for them to realize that 1. ) there are problems with the materials they are using, 2. ) they need to find a better solution to their requirements, hence the search and formulation of copper and bronze. Without logic and reasoning people then would have simply stopped at knowing. One may look at this the same way as the differentiation between science and technology. Science is that wide and impressive body of knowledge which will remain meaningless unless applied and utilized in technology.

Steve’s Needs as a student

Steve is a 20 year old male student; he lives away from home as he is in his final year at university. Steve lives in student accommodation with 6 other male students. The area he lives in is deprived of the city and the local housing is poor quality. There are busy roads and factories surrounding the area he lives in. He smokes up to 120 cigarettes per week and binge drinks a lot. He doesn't exercise at all and he eats unhealthily. Steve's housing is very dirty and messy therefore causing a lot of dust. This is affecting his asthma. Steve's Needs Steve has many needs to improve his PIES. Firstly for his physical health he should stop drinking so much as it will be affecting his liver. Also he should stop eating so unhealthy and get on a healthy diet and start to exercise regularly. He should also use the exercise as well as to get fit to loose weight so he is at a healthy BMI. For his emotional health he should make sure that he stays motivated to loose weight and drink less alcohol and smoke less and eventually quit. He should keep self-confidence in himself that he can loose weight and that he will look much better in the long run after all his hard work.Dying of Breast Cancer in the 1800s Lastly for emotional health he should have support from people in order to help him loose weight and get healthier. People offering him support should be his friends, family and the nurse and doctors who are helping him. These could include the dietician and the community nurse. For Steve's intellectual health he should make sure he concentrates more at university, in order to achieve a high standing grade. Also he should make sure that he gets educated on the risks of what he is doing to himself as he needs to realise what he is really doing to damage his body. Lastly for Steve's social health needs he needs to reassess his social life and stop going out more and maybe even find more supportive friends rather than people who find it funny that he gets into a complete state. Also he should take up a hobby in order to keep himself busy rather than turning to alcohol and causing himself harm. Steve should also think about how he spends his money and that he should stop spending it on alcohol and cigarettes and he should use it in a more useful way such as joining a gym or towards a hobby he may want to take up. Steve should also make sure his housing environment is clean as it is affecting his health as it is very unhygienic. Community Nurse Lisa is a community nurse. She is helping Steve to get healthier and giving him advice on how he can loose weight and get healthier. Roles Lisa works within the community but she is based in a doctor's surgery. A community nurse acts as a teacher and counsellor primarily, but also plays an important role in preventing widespread illness and disease in the community she serves. Lisa offers a supportive role; she supports patients as well as other professionals. She does visits to schools, GPs and home visits in order to spread awareness of illness disease and also to support people in any health issues they may have. Lisa is part of the PCT (primary care trust). She offers general health care to patients and she gives out general advice. The main roles that Lisa undertakes are monitoring people's health, providing nursing care to the sick and disabled, she is also a health teacher letting the community she serves in know about health risks and what you can do to prevent them. Also she is a councillor; giving an appropriate advice and broadening a client's insight about a problem so that appropriate decisions are made which can lead to a positive resolution of the problem. Tasks One of the tasks Lisa may undertake is screening tests to find out about their health such as she could look at the height, weight, BMI and blood pressure of Steve. Also she could do tests on Steve for his cholesterol levels and test their lung functions. These screening tests can help to promote good health. This is because if there is an issue involving the Steve's health then doing one of these screening tests Lisa may be able to notice the problem and then look at it in more detail. If the problem is noticed soon enough then Lisa will be able to inform Steve of what it is and help him sort the problem out and recommend him to a doctor or advise him on what he can do in order to retain a healthy state. Also a task Lisa may do as a community nurse is educating the community. She may give out education and advice on certain issues patients may have. These could include pregnancies, exercise, drinking, smoking, diet and contraception. A community nurse can also provide information and advice on prescribed or over-the-counter medication on medication regimens, side effects and interactions. However if Lisa thinks that the patient needs more than just her advice such as Steve may need to see a dietician in order to plan out a healthy lifestyle and diet she may advise him to go see the specialist person as she may not be able to help him as much as the dietician can. She may also advise the patient to go to a specialist support group. Such as if she thinks that Steve is showing signs of being an alcoholic she may advice him to attend an AA meetings or if she sees that Steve is overweight and needs help in loosing weight she may send him to groups that are specialised in helping people loose weight such as weightwatcher meetings. Lisa may also give out leaflets to a patient in order to help them with their health issue and for them to learn more about what it may consist of and how they can help themselves to get better health. Such as giving Steve leaflets on stopping smoking. The leaflet would contain information of what stopping smoking consists of and what different methods he can use to stop smoking. If Lisa is incapable of giving the patient the knowledge they need she may have to refer them onto someone who will have much more knowledge about the issue. Such as if Lisa found that there may be an issue with a Steve's health that would need him to have more tests and more examining then she will refer him to a doctor who will have more knowledge on what the issue is and they will be able to advise give more advice to the Steve than Lisa may be able too. Lisa educating the community and giving them advice is another way to show that she is promoting good health to the community. The education she is providing will help people to see the first symptoms of serious diseases such as lumps on the breast, which should be checked out for breast cancer. This education of people finding out about diseases in the early stages will help a person to overcome the disease and get their good health back as soon as they can. Rather than having no education on looking out for the disease they may end up noticing the disease months down the line when it may be too late. Also if people are being given positive advice they may feel better about themselves and therefore their lifestyle may become of a better quality and more positive. Such as if she was telling Steve how much fitter and healthier he will be if he looses weight and cuts down his drinking and smoking. Also that he will look much better and people will find him more attractive. This positive encouragement will help Steve to take on Lisa's advice and make him want to loose weight so he can achievement a positive outcome. The advice may also help people to seek out more medical help in order for them to maintain good health, without the advice they have been given by Lisa they may not know what to do about their health issue and things could have got much worse. Another task that Lisa might do as a community nurse is minor treatments. Lisa will not have the full medical training and knowledge as a doctor may have so therefore she will not be able to administer extreme drugs to the patient or be able to attend to serious wounds. However she will be able to dress wounds and make sure they are kept clean. Such as if Steve has a minor injury from being out drinking all night and falling over as he was drunk. He will need the wound dressing and Lisa will be able to clean it to prevent infection and then bandage it up to avoid further damage. Skills Lisa will need a variety of different skills as a community nurse. Firstly she will need mathematical skills. These mathematical skills can be put to use when she is making sure that numerical data is interpreted properly. If the data is interpreted properly then patients will have a correct understanding of what is going on with their body. Also Lisa can put her mathematical skills to use when she is doing Steve's BMI. If she correctly uses her mathematical skills to work out Steve's BMI then Steve will see Lisa as a knowledgeable, reliable person. If he sees Lisa as this then he will be more likely to listen to her advice and trust her. If he is listening to her advice because she has shown him that she is correct at her job and can help him then that will be helping Steve needs. Lisa should also have good communication skills. She can put these skills to use when she is trying to get her message across to Steve. If she is giving Steve results from a screening test she must make sure that she doesn't upset him and that she knows how to correctly communicate with him in order to get the best outcome. If Lisa seems to be nice and helpful towards Steve and she looks like she knows what she is saying and she is comforting Steve when he finds out some shocking news then Steve will maybe become to like Lisa and understand why she is there for him. If he understands that she is there to help him then he is more likely to listen to her and in listening to her and getting her advice Lisa will be helping Steve to loose weight and cut back on the bad things he is doing to his body. This will be helping Steve's needs. Lisa will have to have medical knowledge as a skill to be a community nurse. She will have to have medical knowledge so when she is giving out medical advice she will need to know that what she is saying is accurate and correct. If her medical knowledge is accurate and correct and she has the skill to advise people on what they should do and help people with their descriptions she will be trusted and respected a lot more than if she didn't have any knowledge on what she was doing. The medical knowledge can come in useful when she is working with Steve and helping with his needs. If Lisa shows Steve that she knows what she is doing and her knowledge is correct then Steve is going to want to follow her advice on how he can get his body fitter and healthier. Steve needs to lose weight and if he wants to follow Lisa's advice then she will be helping with his needs. If she had bad knowledge and seemed as if she didn't know what she was doing Steve would be put off by this fact and may not want to or follow her advice as he may seem it to be incorrect, or that its her opinion and not a medical one. Lisa also should have good communication skills. She must make sure that she gets her message across to her patients such as Steve in a way that won't offend them and will make them feel confident that she knows what she is saying. She must make sure that if she is giving out results such as screening tests to someone that she is professional and makes the person feel comfortable. If Lisa puts this skill to use when working with Steve she will be helping with his needs. She will be doing this by communicating to Steve what is going on with his body in a positive non-offensive way then Steve is going to want to listen to Lisa and he will see what she is saying is important and that will help him in being confident that he is in the right hands to lose weight and get healthier. Qualities There are many qualities that Lisa should have to be a good community nurse. Firstly she should be patient with the patient. She should never rush them into anything she must make sure she remains calm and not stressed out with the patient. Some patients may need to lose a lot of weight and if they aren't doing it as quick as the community nurse would like, they must make sure they still remain calm and patient. If they start to rush a patient into loosing weight and telling them there not doing well enough or quick enough then they may lose their self-esteem and that could cause them to stop the course of treatment and therefore they won't be loosing any weight. However if Lisa is patient and calm with patients like Steve throughout the whole time they are seeing them which could be many months, Steve will more likely to become more confident that what he is doing is going to be beneficial and that he is doing everything correctly therefore Lisa will be helping him with his needs. Another quality that Lisa should have as a community nurse but also in helping Steve with his needs is being encouraging. If Lisa is encouraging then Steve will want to carry on with what he is doing as he is being encouraged to do so. If Lisa is giving him positive encouragement and keeps reminding Steve how much better he will look and feel when he is healthier and fitter then Steve will become more determined to listen to her advice and participate in what she is doing to help him. If he listens to her advice then his needs will be for filled. Lisa should also make sure that she is very friendly towards her patients and that she doesn't come across as being very nice then patients like Steve will be put off from talking to her. If Steve is put off from talking to Lisa then he is unlikely to listen to her advice. If he doesn't follow or listen to her advice then he won't have his needs met. However is Lisa is friendly and kind towards Steve and shows him that she cares about him as an individual then Steve is more likely to listen to her advice and encouragement and have his needs met. Dietician Roles Sue is a dietician for the NHS. She works in partnership with doctors and a nurses who can refer their patients to Sue to get specific help that Sue as a dietician can help them with. Sue will have specialist knowledge about diets and nutrition as she is trained in them areas. Therefore Sue will be very useful in helping Steve with his diet and loosing weight. A dietician plans nutrition programs and food programs for their patients. Dieticians such as Sue can help prevent diseases and obesity problems because they teach people about the role of food in their diet. They usually run food programs in institutions, such as hospitals and schools. A dietician promotes healthy diets through education and education programs. Another role that Sue may have is to be able to create a diet based on what the doctor prescribes. The dietician must be able to prepare and calculate a diet based on the nutrients a person needs. Tasks A few tasks Sue may have to do as a dietician is educate her patients. The education is often about appropriate diets and what diet may be appropriate for their health needs. Sue could educate Steve on what diet he could start to take and how it will benefit him. Sue can also educate her patients by telling them the different types of food groups and why their all individually important. She could educate Steve on what the different foods he eats do for him and maybe what food group he should start eating and why. Also Sue can educate her patients about the risks of an unhealthy diet and being overweight. Steve would benefit from this education very well as he may not understand the full risks of what he is doing to his body, but if Sue educates him on what he is doing to it and how bad it is then it may encourage Steve to take action. One of Sue's tasks may also be giving her patients a diet that they specifically need and that will fit into their lifestyle. She could give Steve a diet that specifically is for him and fits around his university timetable. Both hospital and community dieticians educate people who need special diets as part of their medical treatment, for example patients with kidney disease, food allergies, eating disorders, diabetes, HIV/AIDS etc. Another task that Sue may do is to run food programmes. Running food programmes in places such as schools can help the young pupils to get more knowledge on nutrition and what diets they should be taking in order to be healthy. Sue could run a food programme at Steve's university to show Steve that it is important to lose weight and be healthy, not just him but everyone. Another task that a dietician may have is giving out advice. Sue could give out advice on diets and nutrition in many different ways. A few of these ways could be giving out leaflets in a school or community place to get people to read into more detail on how important a healthy diet is. Also she could give leaflets out to her specific patients advising them on how to cope with their new diet etc. Sue could also show videos and tell about case studies in communal places such a school or a GP. These videos will show awareness of a what an unhealthy diet can do and what you can do in order to maintain a good health and how you can do it. One of a community nurse's tasks are to produce diet plans to suit the individual and what's best for them. If Sue produced a diet plan that was suitable for Steve in order to lose weight then that will benefit him a lot. A dietician also monitors weight, they do this in order to see how well the patient is doing on the diet they have been set. If the patients diet plan isn't working for them and regular weight monitoring shows this then Sue may change their diet to something else to see if that diet plan works. Constant updating is needed in order for Sue to see if she needs to change diet plans for the patients. A dietician might incorporate exercise into the process, but this would only be minimum information such as that they should exercise regularly and often after meals etc. Skills Sue should have mathematical skills as a dietician. She will need these skills in order to produce accurate diet charts and to accurately work out a person's BMI. If the information Sue produces is correct because she has accurately used her mathematic skills then she will be able to tell Steve what to do to get healthier and lose weight. Steve will then believe that Sue knows what she is saying, he will then follow her advice and start to lose weight, this will be helping with his needs. Therefore he will feel better about himself as he will look and feel great. Sue should also have good communication skills. Good communication skills are useful as the information is given face to face so therefore its important that the message is given across appropriately. Steve is more likely to listen to Sue's information as she will be giving immediate responses and making him feel comfortable. This will help him as he will understand what to do to get himself healthier and this will help him to lose weight leading to him having a good self esteem, again Sue will be helping with what he needs. Sue should also be able to have a skill in order for her to be able to give good advice. Sue will have to give good advice with reason behind the advice she has given, she will also have to have medical and nutritional knowledge to back up what she is saying this is because Steve will then know that she is giving a medical overview on his body and that it is a serious fact that he is unhealthy and needs to lose weight, not just Sue's personal opinion. The knowledge that Sue has is important as she will be letting Steve know she knows what she's doing and he will follow what she is saying and he will lose the weight he needs also he will get much fitter and healthier and he will then feel much better about himself, therefore his needs will have been helped by Sue. Sue should also have knowledge on nutrition and dieting. This knowledge she has on nutrition and dieting will help her to provide accurate and immediate advice to her patients. If she is providing accurate and immediate advice to patients they will feel confident that she knows what she is doing. If Steve believes that Sue has knowledge and accuracy on what she is telling him then he will trust her and he will want to take her advice and he will stick to diet plans she sets him, if he loses weight as a result of Sue's work she will be helping his needs. Qualities Sue should have many good qualities in order to be a good and helpful dietician. Polite and friendly should be one quality. She will need to make sure she doesn't offend the patient in what she is saying. She shouldn't say that they are ‘fat' and need to lose all their ‘chubbiness†. She should be polite and professional and use the correct terminology to avoid any offence. Steve is overweight and if Sue worked out his BMI and saw this she shouldn't call him ‘fat'. She should tell him that he is overweight and borderline obese. Even though it sounds worse if Sue uses the correct terminology then Steve is less likely to get offended and more likely to take things seriously. If he takes things seriously he is more likely to want to lose weight and therefore his needs will be met. Sue should also have being approachable as a quality. If the Sue is approachable and friendly and nice the message she must give to Steve that he is overweight and does need to diet may make him accept these things more lightly than just saying he's fat and needs to lose weight fast. If Steve can accept things more lightly and understand what Sue is saying to him then he is more likely to be confident and want to lose weight. If he loses weight then his needs will have been met. Sue should also make sure that she is relaxed and patient with her patients but that she is also firm. Things may get irritating if a patient is refusing to diet or doesn't seem to think they should lose weight. Sue should stay relaxed and patient but however she must make sure that she doesn't give in and she stays firm. Such as making Steve stick to his diet plan. She must understand that it may be difficult at first but must be consistent and firm with Steve and keep reminding him that his needs can only be met if he works with her and takes onboard her advice. Sue must also make sure she stays positive. Being positive is a quality that Sue needs. She must make sure that she tells them how much better they will look and feel after all their hard work and that it will be very beneficial. If she does this then her patients will then want to aspire for the positive goals. If she is negative and rude patients such as Steve may not listen to her and may not lose weight and may even start to gain weight. If Steve doesn't lose weight then his needs will not be met. However if Sue stays positive with Steve and makes sure that he is in a positive frame of mind and he is in a determined lose as she tells him of all the benefits then Steve's needs will be met as he will eventually lose weight and feel and look much better.

Maori Human Development essays

Maori Human Development essays In our society today more and more people are curious about the psychology of humans. The way we think, learn and the many natural skills we develop in our lives. In a study by Tangaere-Royal she explores different concepts, which relates to Maori Human Development Learning. This is a study of how Maori people learn and develop different qualities and attributes in life. This essay will identify and discuss these concepts then further explain the complex Maori ideas, which surround them. One of the concepts found by Tangaere-Royal is that through songs, stories, chants and karakia (prayers) these are the ways Maori perceive the world. They use this to interact with other cultures and the universe. More ideas that surround this concept are traditions, cultural values, customs and language. All of these concepts are passed down generation to generation by kaumatua (elders). This helps Maori people develop their identity through time. Some of these ideas are used today. An example is when you are a visitor to a marae. It is customary that you are welcomed with a powhiri (welcoming ceremony). It is also traditional you offer a koha (donation) to the people of the land. The concept of learning and development are looked upon in various ways. Tangaere-Royal uses the Poutama a lattice weaving design to show us a visual model of Maori Human Development Learning. The Poutama is a visual design of steps. Each step describes how much knowledge a person has. This symbolises what learning and development is for Maori. A person is faced with many challenges and this is what helps us to grow. By finding answers to these challenges you have more knowledge about that situation. Every challenge you successfully complete the further you ascend up the stairway. Each step gets you closer towards more knowledge and development physically, emotionally, socially, spiritually and culturally. Similar to the Poutama a Russian psychol ...

Rainbow Writing Lesson Plan for Kindergarten

Rainbow Writing Lesson Plan for Kindergarten Kindergartners have a lot of new skills to learn and practice.​​Â  Writing the alphabet and spelling words are two of the top tasks that require creativity and repetition in order for students to master. Thats where Rainbow Writing comes in. Its a fun, easy, and low-prep activity that can be done in class or assigned as homework. Heres how it works as well as how it can help your emergent writers. How Rainbow Writing Works First, you need to choose about 10-15 high-frequency sight words that are already familiar to your students.Next, make a handout on simple handwriting paper. Write each of your chosen words on the paper, one word per line. Write the letters as neatly and large as possible. Make copies of this handout.Alternatively, for older students who can already write and copy words: Write the list on your whiteboard and have the students write the words down (one per line) onto handwriting paper.To complete the Rainbow Words assignment, each student needs a piece of writing paper and 3-5 crayons (each of a different color). The student then writes over the original word in each of the crayon colors. Its similar to tracing but adds a colorful visual twist.For assessment, look for your students to mimic the original neat handwriting as closely as possible. Variations of Rainbow Writing There are a few variations of this activity. The one listed above is the most basic variation that is great for introducing words. A second variation (once students get used to tracing over a word with crayons), is for students to take a die and roll it to see how many colors they need to trace over the listed word. For example, if a child was to roll a five on the die, that would mean that they would have to choose five different colors to write over each word listed on their paper (ex. the word is and the child could use a blue, red, yellow, orange, and purple crayon to trace over the word). Another variation of the Rainbow Writing activity is for a student to choose three color crayons and write next to the listed word three times with three different colored crayons (there is no tracing in this method). This is a little bit more complex and is usually for students who have experience writing or are in an older grade. How Can it Help Emergent Writers? Rainbow Writing helps emergent writers because they are continually forming letters over and over again. Not only does it help them learn how to write but it also helps them learn how to spell the word correctly. If you have any students who are visual-spatial, kinesthetic or tactile learners then this activity is perfect for them.

Making an Aggressive Case for Day Cares Benefits by Sally Kalson Essay

Making an Aggressive Case for Day Cares Benefits by Sally Kalson - Essay Example Belsky creates daycare advantage. While the professor failed to provide emphasis that aggressive children based on the study conducted do not exhibit aggression outside of the normal greater population, some 28 researchers interpreted the same outcomes differently. As one documented result, enhanced progress in language and cognition was observed from children who have obtained significant quality care within four and a half years. In reference to the issue with a deficiency in other aspects of daycare, Campbell argued: â€Å"We can’t regulate the way people behave with kids, but there are things we can regulate in child care, such as training, education, and ratios.† The statistical information shown via the Bureau of Labor Statistics can be met halfway by employers who might as well consider granting flexible schedules for parent workers who seek to attend to their children despite the 30-hour daycare provision (Kalson). Critical Analysis Despite the misrepresentation committed on the part of Belsky, it may be indispensable to note the findings on the degree of perceived aggression alone for monitored investigation of behaviors in variation with time. Kalson’s column must have probed into the professor’s chief point of demonstrating studies confined only to certain aspects for he could have meant necessitating a focus on an area over the rest which does not quite deserve lead priority. The flaw in the columnist’s writing may be detected then on assessing the extent of knowledge drawn on behalf of the professor. Apparently, besides not paying regard to describe an aggressive child more concretely, nothing further is mentioned about Belsky’s justification of the questionable statement. It would have made a more just and impartial article if adequate views are conveyed by or inquired from the party under criticism despite some contradiction via statistical figures. If, however, Kalson intended to deliver Belsky’s results already in the state of their completeness, then her argument would suffice in rationalizing around the findings of other researchers to have the professor’s claim brought to correction.     

Social Psychology and Health (Stress) Term Paper

Social Psychology and Health (Stress) - Term Paper Example It is analyzed that he has low measure of self efficacy and hardiness which should be treated with right clinical therapy , social support , yoga and meditation. Social psychology and Health (Stress) Here a situation is presented, where stress has played a main role in destabilizing the life of a close friend of mine. Andrew was naturally a cheerful person with high energy and spirits and was much friendly with me. Suddenly, one day Andrew’s wife informed me that he started displaying a very negative attitude towards her and his kid by shouting and yelling at them for no reason. She said that he frequently remaining silent and was not communicating with her in a peaceful manner and was displaying a sign of restlessness and loss of appetite. Due to concern, I called one of our common friends to enquire about the matter and found out that he was given ultimatum from his office and was in fear of losing his job. Moreover, Andrew himself confessed to me that, he experienced less s leep and used to leave for office often earlier than normal. Gradually, I realized that Andrew showed sign of negativism in the way he communicated, and also was smoking more than before. When I probed more in to Andrew’s problem, I found out that Andrew faced high level of pressure from his senior authorities towards the accomplishment of his sales targets and was encountering terrible stress. Here it can be observed that Andrew is not a Type A personality and considerably lacks competitive mentality and passion for work. Only if a person is highly ambitious, competitive, and has obsession for work he can work challengingly and attain success in life. Moreover, the self awareness of Andrew is not intense and he is unable to measure his performance and values to perform a particular task. He lacked perceived control and is unable to control his boss, and fell victim to desperation and frustration. Moreover, the self efficacy measure of Andrew can also be partially blamed for the stress he is experiencing. His self –efficacy measure also seems to be average and hence, he has less confidence on his abilities and is unable to visualize or picture success in risky situations. People with low self –efficacy tend to give up easily whereas, those with high self – efficacy try harder and persist more in case of failure and thereby are more likely to succeed in the long run. In addition to this, self efficacy operates like a self prophesy, the more you believe that you can accomplish a task, more are the chances of your success. Here we can also observe an element of internal attributions in Andrew’s case, as he concluded that he is unable to perform up to the expectation of his boss, due to lacking in his personal abilities and skills. He is also depicting stable attribution as he acts as if his situation is unchangeable or stable. Andrew is considerably stressed for the fear of losing job, and being a family man he possess a high fi nancial and social responsibility. Here, we can evaluate that he has less ability to cope up with an adverse situations and his learned helplessness is making things even more worse. He being pessimistic, is unable to finds a better way to solve the dilemma he is in. Unlike Andrew, some people have strong sense of coherence and have high resistance to internal and external pressures from social atmosphere, hence